Thyroid Disorders During Pregnancy

During pregnancy, the body's basal metabolic rate increases, and thyroid hormone production increases accordingly. However, the thyroid function values considered normal during pregnancy differ from those outside of pregnancy. For example, TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone) levels may naturally decrease during pregnancy, which leads to increased thyroid hormone production, particularly in the first trimester.

hCG and the Thyroid: The hormone hCG (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin), secreted by the placenta during pregnancy, has a structure similar to TSH hormone and can stimulate the thyroid gland, increasing thyroid hormone production. In particular, hCG levels may be higher in multiple pregnancies or molar pregnancy, which can cause thyroid hormones to fall outside normal ranges.

Hypothyroidism in Pregnancy

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland cannot produce enough hormone. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can have serious effects on the health of both mother and baby, so early diagnosis and treatment are very important.

Symptoms: Symptoms of hypothyroidism in pregnancy may present as fatigue, tiredness, weight gain, sensitivity to cold, constipation, and depression. However, since these symptoms can resemble normal symptoms of pregnancy, diagnosis can be difficult.

Risks: Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to serious complications such as miscarriage, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction. In addition, if the expectant mother has a significant hormone deficiency, this can negatively affect the baby's intellectual development.

Diagnosis and treatment: TSH and free T4 tests are used to diagnose hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Once diagnosed, treatment with synthetic thyroid hormone (levothyroxine) is generally applied. This treatment keeps hormone levels within normal ranges and is monitored with regular blood tests.

Hyperthyroidism in Pregnancy

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive hormone. Although hyperthyroidism is rare during pregnancy, it can lead to serious complications.

Symptoms: Symptoms of hyperthyroidism in pregnancy include weight loss, increased heart rate, excessive sweating, nervousness, and insomnia. Failure to gain weight despite the progression of pregnancy, or hyperemesis (excessive nausea and vomiting), may be symptoms of hyperthyroidism.

Risks: If left untreated, hyperthyroidism can lead to complications such as preeclampsia, heart failure, intrauterine growth restriction, and stillbirth. In addition, excessive thyroid hormone can also affect the baby's thyroid gland and lead to the development of fetal hyperthyroidism.

Diagnosis and treatment: Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy is diagnosed with TSH, free T3, and free T4 tests. Anti-thyroid medications are generally used for treatment, but radioactive iodine treatment is not applied during pregnancy. Anti-thyroid medications can also cross the placenta and affect the fetus, so treatment must be monitored carefully.

Thyroid Monitoring During Pregnancy and Its Importance

Closely monitoring thyroid function during pregnancy is vital for the health of both mother and baby. Thyroid function tests should be performed particularly at the beginning of pregnancy and at certain intervals throughout the pregnancy. Expectant mothers diagnosed with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism need to be under regular doctor supervision. Treatment ensures that hormone levels are kept within normal ranges and helps prevent possible complications.

Pre-conception assessment: Women planning a pregnancy should have their thyroid function checked before conceiving. If conditions such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism are diagnosed and treated before pregnancy, the risk of pregnancy complications is significantly reduced.

Monitoring during pregnancy: Regularly monitoring thyroid hormones throughout pregnancy allows for rapid intervention in the event of any imbalance. Dose adjustments may be needed during the treatment process, so follow-up with a doctor is important.

Thyroid disorders in pregnancy are conditions that can be managed with correct diagnosis and treatment. When both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are diagnosed early and treated appropriately, serious complications for mother and baby can be prevented. Closely monitoring thyroid function throughout pregnancy is of critical importance for protecting the health of both mother and baby. Expectant mothers who do not neglect regular doctor check-ups before and during pregnancy can ensure a healthy pregnancy.