What Is Semen Analysis (Spermiogram)?
Semen analysis is a laboratory test used to evaluate sperm quality in men. The test assesses sperm count, motility, morphology, and the presence of any abnormalities in sperm cells.
Semen analysis is commonly used to evaluate a man’s reproductive potential.
Why Is Semen Analysis Performed?
Male infertility evaluation:
Semen analysis is one of the primary tests used to evaluate infertility in cases where pregnancy has not occurred after one year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse.
Post-vasectomy evaluation:
Vasectomy is a permanent male contraception method in which the sperm ducts are blocked. Semen analysis is performed to confirm whether the procedure has been successful.
Assessment of treatment success:
In men undergoing infertility treatment, semen analysis is performed both before and after treatment to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
How Is Semen Analysis Performed?
Semen (spermiogram) analysis is performed in a laboratory setting. The following steps are involved before and during the test:
Sample Collection:
A semen sample is obtained through masturbation. Lubricants should be avoided during sample collection. The semen is collected in a sterile container. Sexual abstinence for 3–4 days prior to the test is recommended.
Sample Evaluation:
After the sample is delivered to the laboratory, initial evaluations such as semen volume and pH level are measured.
Microscopic Examination:
The sample is examined under a microscope to assess sperm count, motility, and morphology (shape and structure).
Advanced Tests:
In certain cases, advanced testing may be required, such as sperm DNA fragmentation tests to evaluate sperm DNA damage.
When Should a Spermiogram Test Be Performed?
Before semen analysis, sexual abstinence for 2–5 days is required. Abstinence periods shorter than 2 days or longer than 5 days may reduce the accuracy of the evaluation.
What Are the Normal Spermiogram Values?
Spermiogram results are compared with reference values defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Normal values include:
Sperm Concentration:
At least 15 million sperm per milliliter.
Total Sperm Count:
A total of 39 million sperm or more per ejaculate.
Sperm Motility:
Total motility should be greater than 40%, with at least 32% showing progressive forward movement.
Sperm Morphology:
At least 4% of sperm should have normal morphology.
Semen Volume:
Semen volume should be 1.5 ml or more.
Semen pH:
Normal semen pH ranges between 7.2 and 8.0.
Treatment Based on Semen Analysis Results
Spermiogram results may vary over time. Accurate interpretation depends on the experience of the laboratory specialist evaluating the sample. Abnormal findings do not always indicate permanent infertility and should be confirmed with repeat testing at a different time and, if possible, in an experienced laboratory.
If semen analysis results are abnormal, treatment may be required. Treatment options vary depending on the underlying cause.